=SUM(B2:B50). The best ones to learn first are SUM, AVERAGE, IF, COUNTIF, SUMIF and XLOOKUP, which handle everyday totals, conditions and lookups. Google lists more than 500 functions, and the A–Z list below links to our guide for each one we cover.| Function | What it does | Example |
|---|---|---|
| SUM | Adds up numbers | =SUM(B2:B50) |
| AVERAGE | Finds the mean of a set of numbers | =AVERAGE(B2:B50) |
| IF | Returns one value if a test is true and another if it is false | =IF(B2>=100,"Over","Under") |
| IFERROR | Shows a fallback value instead of an error | =IFERROR(B2/C2,0) |
| COUNTIF | Counts the cells that meet one condition | =COUNTIF(A2:A50,"Paid") |
| SUMIF | Adds the values that meet one condition | =SUMIF(A2:A50,"West",B2:B50) |
| SUMIFS | Adds the values that meet several conditions | =SUMIFS(C2:C50,A2:A50,"West",B2:B50,">100") |
| XLOOKUP | Finds a value in one range and returns the match from another | =XLOOKUP(E2,A2:A50,C2:C50) |
| VLOOKUP | Finds a value in the first column of a range and returns a value from the same row | =VLOOKUP(E2,A2:C50,3,FALSE) |
| FILTER | Returns only the rows that meet a condition | =FILTER(A2:C50,B2:B50>100) |
| UNIQUE | Returns a list with the duplicates removed | =UNIQUE(A2:A50) |
| SORT | Sorts rows by the values in a column | =SORT(A2:C50,2,FALSE) |
| QUERY | Selects, filters and groups data with a query language | =QUERY(A1:C50,"select A, sum(C) group by A",1) |
| ARRAYFORMULA | Lets one formula return results across many rows or columns | =ARRAYFORMULA(B2:B50*C2:C50) |
| IMPORTRANGE | Pulls a range of cells from another spreadsheet | =IMPORTRANGE("spreadsheet_url","Sheet1!A1:C50") |
| SPLIT | Divides text into separate cells around a delimiter | =SPLIT(A2," ") |
These are our picks for everyday work, not a usage ranking. To look up a value from a column to the left, combine INDEX with MATCH, or use XLOOKUP.
Spreadsheet functions are named, built-in calculations you use inside a formula, such as SUM or VLOOKUP. The formula is the whole entry, starting with the equals sign: in =SUM(B2:B50)*1.1, SUM is the function and the whole entry is the formula. Excel and Google Sheets share many functions, and each has some of its own. If you work in Excel, see our list of Excel formulas.
| Type | What it covers | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Math | Totals, rounding and conditional sums | SUM, SUMIF, ROUND |
| Statistical | Averages, counts and distributions | AVERAGE, COUNTA, MEDIAN |
| Lookup | Finding values and references | VLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, INDEX, MATCH |
| Logical | Tests and error handling | IF, IFERROR, AND |
| Text | Splitting, joining and extracting text | SPLIT, TEXTJOIN, REGEXEXTRACT |
| Date | Dates, durations and working days | TODAY, DATEDIF, NETWORKDAYS |
| Filter | Narrowing and ordering rows | FILTER, SORT, UNIQUE |
| Functions specific to Google Sheets | QUERY, ARRAYFORMULA, GOOGLEFINANCE, SPARKLINE | |
| Web | Importing data from other files and pages | IMPORTRANGE, IMPORTHTML, IMPORTXML |
| Array | Calculating on and reshaping ranges | SUMPRODUCT, FLATTEN, MAP |
| Financial | Loans, investments and cash flows | PMT, NPV, XIRR |
| Info | Checking what a cell contains | ISBLANK, ISNUMBER |
| Database | Calculating on table-style ranges | DSUM, DGET |
| Operator | Function versions of operators such as + and - | ADD, MINUS, MULTIPLY |
| Parser | Converting units and value types | CONVERT |
| Engineering | Number bases and engineering math | BIN2DEC, DEC2HEX |
| AI | Generating or summarizing text and categorizing information | AI |
Types and syntax checked against Google's function list on November 5, 2026. Statistical and Math are its largest groups.
508 Formulas
The ABS function returns the absolute value of a number, removing any negative sign and providing the non-negative value.
The ACCRINT function calculates the accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest, based on specified parameters.
The ACCRINTM function calculates the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at maturity, based on specified parameters.
The ACOS function returns the arccosine (inverse cosine) of a number, providing the angle in radians whose cosine is that number.
The ACOSH function calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number, returning the angle whose hyperbolic cosine is that number.
The ACOT function returns the arccotangent, or inverse cotangent, of a number, providing the angle whose cotangent is that number.
The ACOTH function returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number, useful for mathematical calculations involving hyperbolic functions.
Returns the sum of exactly two numbers, the same as using the + operator.
The ADDRESS function returns the cell reference as a text string based on specified row and column numbers in Google Sheets.
The AMORLINC function calculates the linear depreciation of an asset over a specified period, considering the asset's cost and lifespan.
The AND function checks if all specified conditions are true, returning TRUE if they are, and FALSE if any are not.
The ARABIC function converts Roman numerals to their equivalent Arabic numeral values in Google Sheets.
The ARRAY_CONSTRAIN function limits the size of an array by specifying the number of rows and columns to return from the original array.
The ARRAYFORMULA function allows you to apply a formula to an entire range of cells, enabling bulk calculations without needing to drag formulas down.
The ASC function converts full-width characters to half-width characters in Google Sheets, aiding in text normalization.
The ASIN function returns the arcsine, or inverse sine, of a number in radians, useful for calculating angles from sine values.
The ASINH function calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number, useful for transforming data in statistical analysis.
The ATAN function calculates the arctangent of a number, returning the angle in radians whose tangent is that number.
The ATAN2 function calculates the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments, returning the angle in radians between the positive x-axis and the point (x, y).
The ATANH function calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number, returning the angle whose hyperbolic tangent is that number.
Returns the average of the absolute deviations of values from their mean.
Returns the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers, ignoring text.
Returns the weighted average of a set of values, given matching weights.
Returns the mean of a set of values, counting text as 0 and TRUE/FALSE as 1/0.
Returns the average of values in a range that meet a single condition.
Returns the average of values that meet multiple conditions.
The BASE function converts a number into a specified base (2 to 36), returning it as a text string for easier readability in different numeral systems.
Returns the cumulative probability of the beta distribution at a given value.
Returns the value at which the cumulative beta distribution reaches a given probability.
The BIN2DEC function converts a binary number (in text format) to its decimal equivalent, facilitating numerical calculations in spreadsheets.
The BIN2HEX function converts a binary number (in text format) to its hexadecimal representation.
The BIN2OCT function converts a binary number to its octal equivalent, facilitating number base conversions in Google Sheets.
Returns the smallest number of successes whose cumulative binomial probability is at least a target value.
Returns the probability of a given number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials.
The BITAND function computes the bitwise AND of two numbers, returning a number that has bits set to 1 where both inputs have bits set to 1.
The BITLSHIFT function shifts bits of a number to the left or right, effectively multiplying or dividing the number by powers of two.
The BITOR function performs a bitwise OR operation on two numbers, returning a number that represents the combined bits of both inputs.
The BITRSHIFT keyword shifts the bits of a number to the right by a specified number of positions, effectively dividing the number by powers of two.
The BITXOR function computes the bitwise XOR of two numbers, returning a value where bits are set if they differ between the inputs.
The BYCOL function applies a specified operation to each column in a range, returning an array of results based on the applied function.
The BYROW function applies a specified formula to each row of a given array, returning an array of results based on those calculations.
The CEILING function rounds a number up to the nearest specified multiple, helping to standardize values in calculations.
The CEILING.MATH function rounds a number up to the nearest integer or specified multiple, simplifying calculations in spreadsheets.
The CEILING.PRECISE function rounds a number up to the nearest integer or specified multiple, regardless of its decimal value.
The CELL function retrieves information about a specific cell's formatting, location, or contents in a Google Sheets document.
The CHAR function returns the character specified by a given numeric code, allowing for the insertion of special characters in text.
Returns the right-tailed chi-square probability. Legacy version of CHISQ.DIST.RT.
Returns the inverse of the right-tailed chi-square distribution. Legacy version of CHISQ.INV.RT.
Returns the left-tailed chi-square probability, or the chi-square density, at a value.
Returns the right-tailed chi-square probability, commonly used as a test p-value.
Returns the value at which the left-tailed chi-square distribution reaches a given probability.
Returns the value at which the right-tailed chi-square probability equals a given probability, i.e. a critical value.
Returns the p-value of a chi-square test comparing observed counts with expected counts.
Returns the p-value of a chi-square test. Legacy version of CHISQ.TEST.
The CHOOSE function selects a value from a list based on a given index number, allowing for dynamic data retrieval in a formula.
The CHOOSECOLS function selects specific columns from a range, allowing users to extract and display only the desired data.
The CHOOSEROWS function selects specific rows from a range based on given criteria, allowing for dynamic data extraction.
The CLEAN function removes all non-printable characters from a text string in Google Sheets, ensuring the text is clean and readable.
The CODE function returns the numeric Unicode value of the first character in a text string, useful for character analysis.
The COLUMN function returns the column number of a specified cell or range, helping identify its position within a spreadsheet.
The COLUMNS function returns the number of columns in a specified range, helping to analyze data structure in Google Sheets.
The COMBIN function calculates the number of combinations for a given number of items, selecting a specified number without regard to order.
The COMBINA function calculates the number of combinations of a set, allowing for repetitions, based on the given number of items.
The COMPLEX function creates a complex number from real and imaginary parts, allowing for calculations involving complex numbers in Google Sheets.
Joins two values together into a single text string.
The CONCATENATE function combines multiple text strings into one string, allowing for the creation of longer text entries in a cell.
The CONFIDENCE.NORM function calculates the margin of error for a population mean based on a specified confidence level and standard deviation.
The CONFIDENCE.T function calculates the margin of error for a specified confidence level in a dataset with a t-distribution.
Converts a number from one unit of measurement to another.
The CORREL function calculates the correlation coefficient between two data sets, indicating the strength and direction of their linear relationship.
The COS function returns the cosine of an angle given in radians, useful for trigonometric calculations in spreadsheets.
The COSH function calculates the hyperbolic cosine of a given angle in radians, useful for mathematical and engineering applications.
The COT function calculates the cotangent of an angle in radians, useful for trigonometric calculations in spreadsheets.
The COTH function calculates the hyperbolic cotangent of a given angle in radians, returning a numerical value.
The COUNT function counts the number of cells in a range that contain numeric values, helping to quantify data effectively.
The COUNTA function counts the number of non-empty cells in a range, helping to determine how many entries exist in that range.
The COUNTBLANK function counts the number of empty cells in a specified range, helping to identify missing data in a dataset.
The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells that meet a specified condition within a given range.
The COUNTIFS function counts the number of cells that meet multiple criteria across different ranges in a Google Sheets spreadsheet.
The COUNTUNIQUE function counts the number of distinct values in a specified range, ignoring duplicates.
The COUPDAYBS function calculates the number of days from the beginning of a coupon period to the settlement date for a bond.
The COUPDAYS function calculates the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon payment date for a bond.
The COUPDAYSNC function calculates the number of days from the settlement date to the next coupon payment date for a bond.
The COUPNCD function returns the next coupon date for a security based on its settlement date and coupon frequency.
The COUPNUM function calculates the number of coupon payments remaining for a bond based on its settlement date and maturity date.
The COUPPCD function calculates the next coupon payment date for a security based on its settlement date and coupon frequency.
The COVAR function calculates the covariance between two data sets, indicating how much they change together.
The COVARIANCE.P function calculates the covariance between two sets of data, indicating how they change together in a population.
The COVARIANCE.S function calculates the sample covariance between two data sets, indicating how they vary together.
The CRITBINOM function calculates the smallest number of successes in a binomial distribution for a given probability and number of trials.
The CSC function calculates the cosecant of an angle in radians, returning the reciprocal of the sine of that angle.
The CSCH function calculates the hyperbolic cosecant of a given angle in radians, returning the reciprocal of the hyperbolic sine.
The CUMIPMT function calculates the cumulative interest paid on a loan over a specified period, based on constant payments and interest rates.
The CUMPRINC function calculates the cumulative principal paid on a loan between specified periods, helping track repayment progress.
The DATE function creates a date value from year, month, and day inputs, allowing for date calculations and formatting in Google Sheets.
The DATEDIF function calculates the difference between two dates in specified units (days, months, or years).
The DATEVALUE function converts a date in text format into a serial number that Google Sheets recognizes as a date.
The DAVERAGE function calculates the average of a specified column in a database that meets given criteria.
The DAY function extracts the day of the month from a given date, returning it as a number between 1 and 31.
The DAYS function calculates the number of days between two dates, returning the difference as a numeric value.
The DAYS360 function calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year, useful for financial calculations.
The DB function calculates the depreciation of an asset using the declining balance method over a specified period.
The DCOUNT function counts the number of cells containing numeric data in a specified database column that meet given criteria.
The DCOUNTA function counts non-empty cells in a specified column of a database that meet given criteria.
The DDB function calculates the depreciation of an asset using the double declining balance method over a specified period.
The DEC2BIN function converts a decimal number to its binary equivalent, allowing for easier representation of numerical data in binary form.
The DEC2HEX function converts a decimal number to its hexadecimal representation, useful for numerical data in base 16.
The DEC2OCT function converts a decimal number to its octal representation in Google Sheets.
The DECIMAL function converts a number in a specified base to its decimal equivalent, allowing for base conversions in calculations.
The DEGREES function converts radians to degrees, allowing for easier interpretation of angular measurements in degrees.
The DELTA function checks if two values are equal, returning 1 for true and 0 for false, useful for comparisons in data analysis.
The DETECTLANGUAGE function identifies the language of a given text string in Google Sheets, returning the language code.
The DEVSQ function calculates the sum of the squared deviations of a dataset from its mean, useful for statistical analysis.
The DGET function retrieves a single value from a database that matches specified criteria, based on a given field.
The DISC function calculates the discounted cash flow for a series of cash flows based on a specified discount rate.
Returns one number divided by another, the same as using the / operator.
The DMAX function returns the maximum value from a specified column in a database that meets given criteria.
The DMIN function returns the smallest value from a specified column in a database that meets given criteria.
The DOLLAR function formats a number as text in currency format, allowing customization of decimal places and currency symbols.
The DOLLARDE function converts a dollar-and-cent value expressed as a fraction into a decimal number.
The DOLLARFR function converts a dollar amount expressed as a fraction into a dollar amount expressed as a decimal.
The DPRODUCT function multiplies values in a specified field of a database that meet given criteria.
The DSTDEV function calculates the standard deviation of a set of values in a database that meet specified criteria.
The DSTDEVP function calculates the standard deviation of a population based on a specified field in a database, ignoring non-numeric values.
The DSUM function calculates the sum of a specified column in a database that meets given criteria.
The DURATION function calculates the duration between two dates in a specified unit, returning the result as a decimal number.
The DVAR function calculates the variance of a population based on a specified field and criteria, helping analyze data variability.
The DVARP function calculates the variance of a population based on a specified set of values in a database.
The EDATE function returns a date that is a specified number of months before or after a given start date.
The EFFECT function calculates the effective annual interest rate based on a nominal rate and the number of compounding periods per year.
The ENCODEURL function encodes a text string as a valid URL, converting special characters into a format suitable for web use.
The EOMONTH function returns the last day of the month, a specified number of months before or after a given date.
The EPOCHTODATE function converts a Unix timestamp (epoch time) into a human-readable date format in Google Sheets.
Returns TRUE if two values are equal and FALSE otherwise; the function form of the = operator.
The ERF function calculates the error function, which is used in statistics to determine probabilities related to normal distributions.
The ERF.PRECISE function calculates the error function for a specified value, providing precise results for statistical analysis.
The ERFC function calculates the complementary error function, useful for statistical analysis and probability calculations in data sets.
The ERFC.PRECISE function calculates the complementary error function for a given value, providing precise results for statistical analysis.
The ERROR.TYPE function returns a number corresponding to the type of error in a cell, helping identify specific error types in Google Sheets.
The EVEN function rounds a number up to the nearest even integer, ensuring the result is always even.
The EXACT function compares two text strings and returns TRUE if they are identical, or FALSE if they are not.
The EXP function calculates the value of e raised to the power of a given number, useful for exponential growth calculations.
The EXPON.DIST function calculates the exponential distribution for a given value, rate, and cumulative flag, useful for modeling time until events.
The EXPONDIST function calculates the exponential distribution for a given value, helping to model time until an event occurs.
The F.DIST function calculates the cumulative distribution function for the F-distribution, useful for hypothesis testing.
The F.DIST.RT function calculates the right-tailed F-distribution probability for given degrees of freedom and value.
The F.INV function returns the inverse of the F-distribution for a specified probability and degrees of freedom, useful in statistical analysis.
The F.INV.RT function returns the inverse of the right-tailed F probability distribution for given probability and degrees of freedom.
The F.TEST function calculates the probability that two data sets have the same variance, aiding in hypothesis testing for statistical analysis.
The FACT function returns the factorial of a given non-negative integer, calculating the product of all positive integers up to that number.
The FACTDOUBLE function calculates the double factorial of a non-negative integer, returning the product of all odd integers up to that number.
The IF function checks a condition and returns one value if true and another if false, enabling conditional logic in calculations.
The FDIST function calculates the cumulative distribution function for the F-distribution, useful for statistical analysis of variance.
The FILTER function retrieves a subset of data from a range based on specified criteria, allowing for dynamic data analysis.
The FIND function locates the position of a substring within a string, returning the starting index of the first occurrence.
The FINDB function returns the position of a substring within a text string, counting bytes instead of characters for double-byte languages.
The FINV function returns the inverse of the F-distribution, useful for determining critical values in hypothesis testing.
The FISHER function calculates the Fisher transformation of a value, converting correlation coefficients into a scale suitable for statistical analysis.
The FISHERINV function returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation, converting a value from the correlation scale back to the original scale.
The FIXED function formats a number to a specified number of decimal places and returns it as text, optionally including or excluding commas.
The FLATTEN function converts a range or array into a single column, combining all values into one vertical list.
The FLOOR function rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified significance, useful for data analysis and calculations.
The FLOOR.MATH function rounds a number down to the nearest specified multiple, simplifying calculations in financial and statistical analysis.
The FLOOR.PRECISE function rounds a number down to the nearest integer or specified multiple, ignoring any fractional part.
The FORECAST function predicts future values based on existing data trends, using linear regression to estimate outcomes.
The FORECAST.LINEAR function predicts future values based on existing data using linear regression analysis.
The FORMULATEXT function displays the formula used in a specified cell, allowing users to view and share formulas easily.
The FREQUENCY function counts how often values occur within a range, returning a distribution of counts for specified bins.
The FTEST function calculates the F-test for two data sets to determine if their variances are significantly different.
The FV function calculates the future value of an investment based on periodic cash flows and a constant interest rate.
The FVSCHEDULE function calculates the future value of an investment based on a series of compound interest rates over time.
The GAMMA function calculates the gamma function of a given number, extending the factorial function to non-integer values.
The GAMMA.DIST function calculates the probability density or cumulative distribution of the gamma distribution for given parameters.
The GAMMA.INV function returns the inverse of the gamma distribution for a specified probability, shape, and scale parameters.
The GAMMADIST function calculates the probability of a given value in a gamma distribution, useful for statistical analysis.
The GAMMAINV function returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution for a specified probability, shape, and scale parameters.
The GAMMALN function returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function for a given number, useful in statistical calculations.
The GAMMALN.PRECISE function returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function for a given number, providing precise calculations.
The GAUSS function returns the Gaussian (normal) distribution probability for a given value, helping analyze data trends and probabilities.
The GCD function calculates the greatest common divisor of two or more numbers, helping to simplify fractions or find common factors.
The GEOMEAN function calculates the geometric mean of a set of numbers, providing a measure of central tendency for multiplicative data.
The GESTEP function checks if a value is greater than or equal to a specified threshold, returning TRUE or FALSE accordingly.
The GETPIVOTDATA function retrieves specific data from a pivot table, allowing users to extract and analyze summarized information easily.
The GOOGLEFINANCE function retrieves real-time financial data, such as stock prices and historical market information, directly into Sheets.
The GOOGLETRANSLATE function translates text from one language to another using Google Translate's API within Google Sheets.
The GROWTH function predicts exponential growth by calculating future values based on existing data points and a specified range.
Returns TRUE if the first value is strictly greater than the second; the function form of the > operator.
Returns TRUE if the first value is greater than or equal to the second; the function form of the >= operator.
The HARMEAN function calculates the harmonic mean of a set of numbers, providing a measure of central tendency for rates or ratios.
The HEX2BIN function converts a hexadecimal number (base 16) into its binary equivalent (base 2) in Google Sheets.
The HEX2DEC function converts a hexadecimal number (base 16) into its decimal equivalent (base 10) in Google Sheets.
The HEX2OCT function converts a hexadecimal number to its octal equivalent in Google Sheets.
The HLOOKUP function searches for a value in the first row of a table and returns a value in the same column from a specified row.
The HOUR function extracts the hour from a given time value, returning it as a number between 0 and 23.
The HSTACK function combines multiple ranges or arrays horizontally into a single array, aligning them side by side.
The HYPERLINK function creates a clickable link in a cell, directing users to a specified URL or email address.
The HYPGEOM.DIST function calculates the hypergeometric distribution probability for a given sample size, successes, and population size.
The HYPGEOMDIST function calculates the probability of a given number of successes in a hypergeometric distribution.
The IF keyword checks a condition and returns one value if true and another if false, allowing for conditional logic in calculations.
The IFERROR function returns a specified value if a formula results in an error, otherwise it returns the formula's result.
The IFNA function returns a specified value if a formula results in an #N/A error, otherwise it returns the formula's result.
The IFS function evaluates multiple conditions and returns a value corresponding to the first true condition, simplifying nested IF statements.
The IMABS function returns the absolute value of a complex number, removing any negative sign from its magnitude.
The IMAGE function displays an image in a cell, allowing you to embed pictures from a URL or a local file within your Google Sheets.
The IMAGINARY function extracts the imaginary part of a complex number, returning it as a real number.
The IMARGUMENT function returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number, helping to extract its imaginary part for calculations.
The IMCONJUGATE function returns the conjugate of a complex number, changing the sign of its imaginary part.
The IMCOS function returns the complex cosine of a complex number, helping in calculations involving complex numbers in Google Sheets.
The IMCOSH function calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a given number, returning a complex number if necessary.
The IMCOT function returns the imaginary cotangent of a complex number, helping to perform calculations with complex numbers in Google Sheets.
The IMCOTH function returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number in a specified format, useful for complex number calculations.
The IMCSC function retrieves data from a specified cell in an external spreadsheet, allowing for dynamic data linking between sheets.
The IMCSCH function retrieves the schedule of a specified course from the Google Classroom, displaying class times and details.
The IMDIV keyword divides two complex numbers in Google Sheets, returning the result as a complex number.
The IMEXP function calculates the exponential of a complex number, returning the result as a complex number in Google Sheets.
The IMLN function calculates the natural logarithm of a number, returning the power to which e must be raised to equal that number.
The IMLOG function returns the logarithm of a complex number, allowing calculations with complex numbers in Google Sheets.
The IMLOG10 function calculates the base-10 logarithm of a complex number in Google Sheets.
The IMLOG2 function converts a complex number to its logarithm base 2, returning the result as a complex number.
The IMPORTDATA function imports data from a given URL in CSV or TSV format into a Google Sheets spreadsheet.
The IMPORTFEED function fetches and displays RSS or ATOM feed data in Google Sheets, allowing real-time updates from web sources.
The IMPORTHTML function retrieves data from a specified HTML table or list on a webpage, allowing users to import web data into Sheets.
The IMPORTRANGE function imports data from one Google Sheets document to another, allowing users to access and analyze external data easily.
The IMPORTXML function retrieves structured data from web pages using XPath queries, allowing users to import data directly into Google Sheets.
The IMPOWER function raises a complex number to a specified power, returning the result as a complex number in Google Sheets.
The IMPRODUCT function multiplies corresponding elements in given arrays and returns the sum of those products, useful for weighted calculations.
The IMREAL function extracts the real part of a complex number in Google Sheets, returning it as a numeric value.
The IMSEC function returns the secant of an angle given in radians, useful for trigonometric calculations in Google Sheets.
The IMSECH function calculates the hyperbolic secant of a complex number, returning a complex result based on the input value.
The IMSIN function returns the sine of a complex number in the form "a + bi", helping to perform calculations with complex numbers.
The IMSINH function calculates the hyperbolic sine of a complex number, returning the result as a complex number in Google Sheets.
The IMSQRT function calculates the square root of a complex number in the form "a + bi" or "a + bj".
The IMSUB function subtracts one complex number from another, returning the result as a complex number in Google Sheets.
The IMSUM function adds complex numbers in the form of "a+bi" together, returning their sum as a complex number.
The IMTAN function returns the inverse tangent (arctangent) of a given value, providing the angle in radians.
The IMTANH function calculates the hyperbolic tangent of a complex number in Google Sheets, returning a complex result.
The INDEX function retrieves a value from a specified row and column within a given range, allowing for dynamic data referencing.
The INDIRECT function returns the value of a cell specified by a text string, allowing dynamic cell references in formulas.
The INT function rounds a number down to the nearest integer, removing any decimal places for cleaner data representation.
The INTERCEPT function calculates the y-intercept of a linear regression line based on given x and y data points in Google Sheets.
The INTRATE function calculates the interest rate for a fully invested security based on its redemption value, purchase price, and term.
The IPMT function calculates the interest portion of a payment for a specific period in an investment or loan, based on constant payments and interest rate.
The IRR function calculates the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows, helping assess investment profitability over time.
Checks whether a value falls between a lower and upper bound, with optional control over whether each bound is inclusive.
The ISBLANK function checks if a specified cell is empty, returning TRUE if it is and FALSE if it contains any value.
The ISDATE function checks if a given value is a valid date, returning TRUE for valid dates and FALSE otherwise.
The ISEMAIL function checks if a given text string is a valid email address format, returning TRUE or FALSE.
The ISERR function checks if a value results in an error, returning TRUE for errors except for the #N/A error, and FALSE otherwise.
The ISERROR function checks if a value results in an error, returning TRUE if it does and FALSE if it doesn't.
The ISEVEN function checks if a number is even, returning TRUE for even numbers and FALSE for odd numbers.
The ISFORMULA function checks if a specified cell contains a formula, returning TRUE if it does and FALSE if it doesn't.
The ISLOGICAL function checks if a value is a logical TRUE or FALSE and returns TRUE if it is, otherwise it returns FALSE.
The ISNA function checks if a value is the #N/A error, returning TRUE if it is, and FALSE otherwise, useful for error handling in formulas.
The ISNONTEXT function checks if a value is not text, returning TRUE for non-text values and FALSE for text values.
The ISNUMBER function checks if a value is a number, returning TRUE if it is and FALSE if it isn't, useful for data validation.
The ISO.CEILING function rounds a number up to the nearest integer or specified multiple, following ISO standards for rounding.
The ISODD function checks if a given number is odd, returning TRUE for odd numbers and FALSE for even numbers.
The ISOWEEKNUM function returns the ISO week number of a given date, helping to identify the week of the year according to ISO standards.
The ISPMT function calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an investment based on the principal, rate, and number of periods.
The ISREF function checks if a given reference is a valid cell reference in Google Sheets, returning TRUE or FALSE.
The ISTEXT function checks if a specified cell contains text, returning TRUE if it does and FALSE if it doesn't.
The ISURL function checks if a given text string is a valid URL, returning TRUE for valid URLs and FALSE otherwise.
The JOIN function combines multiple text strings from a range or array into a single string, using a specified delimiter between them.
The KURT function calculates the kurtosis of a data set, measuring the "tailedness" of the distribution compared to a normal distribution.
The LAMBDA function creates custom functions in Google Sheets, allowing users to define reusable formulas with parameters.
The LARGE function returns the k-th largest value in a dataset, allowing users to identify high-ranking numbers easily.
The LCM function calculates the least common multiple of given numbers, helping to find the smallest multiple shared by them.
The LEFT function extracts a specified number of characters from the beginning of a text string in Google Sheets.
The LEFTB function extracts a specified number of bytes from the beginning of a text string, useful for handling multi-byte characters.
The LEN function calculates the number of characters in a text string, including spaces and punctuation, returning the total length.
The LENB function returns the number of bytes used by a string, useful for measuring text length in languages with double-byte characters.
The LET function allows you to define named variables for calculations, improving readability and efficiency in your formulas.
The LINEST function calculates the statistics for a linear regression model, providing slope, intercept, and other regression metrics.
The LN function calculates the natural logarithm of a number, returning the power to which e (approximately 2.718) must be raised.
The LOG function calculates the logarithm of a number with a specified base, useful for mathematical analysis and data transformation.
The LOG10 function calculates the base-10 logarithm of a given number, returning the exponent to which 10 must be raised to obtain that number.
The LOGEST function calculates the exponential curve that best fits a set of data points, returning coefficients for the exponential equation.
The LOGINV function returns the inverse of the lognormal distribution for a specified probability, mean, and standard deviation.
The LOGNORM.DIST function calculates the log-normal distribution for a given value, mean, and standard deviation, useful for modeling skewed data.
The LOGNORM.INV function returns the inverse of the lognormal distribution for a specified probability, mean, and standard deviation.
The LOGNORMDIST function calculates the probability that a log-normally distributed random variable is less than or equal to a specified value.
The LOOKUP function searches for a value in a range and returns a corresponding value from another range, useful for finding data.
The LOWER function converts all text in a cell to lowercase, ensuring uniformity in text formatting for data analysis.
Returns TRUE if the first value is strictly less than the second; the function form of the < operator.
Returns TRUE if the first value is less than or equal to the second; the function form of the <= operator.
The MAKEARRAY function creates an array by specifying the number of rows and columns, along with a custom formula to populate each cell.
The MAP function applies a specified function to each element in an array, returning a new array with the results.
The MARGINOFERROR function calculates the uncertainty in survey results, providing a range for the true population parameter.
The MATCH keyword is used to find the position of a specified value within a range, returning its relative index.
The MAX function returns the highest value from a specified range of numbers in Google Sheets.
The MAXA function returns the largest value in a set of values, including numbers, text, and logical values (TRUE/FALSE).
The MAXIFS function returns the maximum value from a range based on specified criteria, allowing for conditional analysis of data.
The MDETERM function calculates the determinant of a given square matrix in Google Sheets, helping analyze linear equations.
The MDURATION function calculates the modified duration of a bond, reflecting its sensitivity to interest rate changes.
The MEDIAN function calculates the middle value of a dataset, providing a measure of central tendency that is less affected by outliers.
The MID function extracts a specific number of characters from a text string, starting at a designated position.
The MIDB function extracts a specified number of bytes from a text string, starting at a given position, useful for handling binary data.
The MIN function returns the smallest value from a set of numbers or a range of cells in Google Sheets.
The MINA function returns the smallest value in a set of values, treating text as zero and ignoring logical values.
The MINIFS function returns the smallest value in a range that meets specified criteria, allowing for conditional minimum calculations.
Returns the difference of two numbers (value1 minus value2); the function form of the - operator.
The MINUTE function extracts the minute component from a given time value in Google Sheets, returning it as a number between 0 and 59.
The MINVERSE function calculates the inverse of a given matrix, returning a new matrix that, when multiplied with the original, yields the identity matrix.
The MIRR function calculates the modified internal rate of return for a series of cash flows, considering financing and reinvestment rates.
The MMULT function multiplies two arrays or matrices, returning the sum of products for corresponding elements, useful for linear algebra calculations.
The MOD function returns the remainder after dividing one number by another, useful for determining even/odd values or periodicity.
The MODE function returns the most frequently occurring value in a dataset, helping identify trends or common values in your data.
The MODE.MULT function returns the most frequently occurring values in a dataset, allowing for multiple modes to be identified.
The MODE.SNGL function returns the most frequently occurring value in a dataset, helping identify trends or common values.
The MONTH function extracts the month number (1-12) from a given date in Google Sheets.
The MROUND function rounds a number to the nearest specified multiple, helping to simplify calculations or adjust values to desired increments.
The MULTINOMIAL function calculates the factorial of the sum of arguments divided by the product of the factorials of each argument.
Returns the product of two numbers; the function form of the * operator.
The MUNIT function creates a square matrix with 1s on the diagonal and 0s elsewhere, useful for matrix calculations in Google Sheets.
The N function converts non-numeric values to numbers, returning 0 for non-numeric inputs, useful for calculations in Google Sheets.
The NA function returns the #N/A error, indicating that a value is not available or not applicable in a dataset.
Returns TRUE if two values are not equal and FALSE if they are; the function form of the <> operator.
The NEGBINOM.DIST function calculates the probability of a specified number of successes in a negative binomial distribution.
The NEGBINOMDIST function calculates the probability of a specified number of successes in a negative binomial distribution.
The NETWORKDAYS function calculates the number of working days between two dates, excluding weekends and specified holidays.
The NETWORKDAYS.INTL function calculates the number of working days between two dates, excluding weekends and specified holidays.
The NOMINAL function converts an effective interest rate to a nominal interest rate, based on the number of compounding periods per year.
The NORM.DIST function calculates the probability of a value in a normal distribution, given the mean and standard deviation.
The NORM.INV function returns the inverse of the normal distribution for a specified mean and standard deviation, useful for statistical analysis.
The NORM.S.DIST function calculates the standard normal distribution's probability for a given z-score, returning the cumulative probability.
The NORM.S.INV function returns the z-score for a given probability in a standard normal distribution, useful for statistical analysis.
The NORMDIST function calculates the probability of a value in a normal distribution, given the mean and standard deviation.
The NORMINV function returns the value of the inverse of the normal distribution for a specified probability, mean, and standard deviation.
The NORMSDIST function returns the cumulative distribution function for a standard normal distribution, giving the probability of a value.
The NORMSINV function returns the z-score for a given probability in a standard normal distribution, useful for statistical analysis.
The NOT function returns the opposite of a logical value, converting TRUE to FALSE and vice versa, useful for negating conditions.
The NOW function returns the current date and time, updating automatically whenever the spreadsheet recalculates.
The NPER function calculates the number of periods required to pay off a loan or investment based on constant payments and a fixed interest rate.
The NPV function calculates the net present value of an investment by discounting future cash flows to their present value.
The OCT2BIN function converts an octal number (base 8) into its binary equivalent (base 2) in Google Sheets.
The OCT2DEC function converts an octal number (base 8) to its decimal equivalent (base 10) in Google Sheets.
The OCT2HEX function converts an octal number (base 8) into its hexadecimal representation (base 16) in Google Sheets.
The ODD function rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer, ensuring the result is always an odd value.
The OFFSET function returns a range that is a specified number of rows and columns from a starting cell, allowing dynamic data referencing.
The OR function checks if any of the given conditions are true, returning TRUE if at least one is true, otherwise FALSE.
The PDURATION function calculates the number of periods required for an investment to reach a specified future value at a given interest rate.
The PEARSON function calculates the Pearson correlation coefficient between two data sets, measuring their linear relationship strength.
The PERCENTILE function calculates the value below which a given percentage of data falls in a specified range of numbers.
The PERCENTILE.EXC function calculates the k-th percentile of a dataset, excluding the endpoints, where k is between 0 and 1.
The PERCENTILE.INC function calculates the k-th percentile of a dataset, including the endpoints, where k is between 0 and 1.
The PERCENTRANK function calculates the relative rank of a value within a data set, returning its percentile rank between 0 and 1.
The PERCENTRANK.EXC function calculates the relative rank of a value in a dataset, excluding the lowest and highest values.
The PERCENTRANK.INC function calculates the relative rank of a value within a dataset, returning its percentile rank.
The PERMUT function calculates the number of possible arrangements of a set of items, given a specific number of selections.
The PERMUTATIONA function calculates the number of ways to arrange a set of items, allowing for repetitions, based on given values.
The PHI function calculates the cumulative distribution function for the standard normal distribution, providing probabilities for z-scores.
The PI function returns the value of π (pi), approximately 3.14159, useful for calculations involving circles and trigonometry.
The PMT function calculates the periodic payment for a loan based on constant payments and a constant interest rate.
The POISSON function calculates the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval, based on a known average rate.
The POISSON.DIST function calculates the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval, based on a Poisson distribution.
Returns a number raised to a power; equivalent to the ^ operator and the POWER function.
The POWER function raises a number to the exponent of another number, calculating the result of base^exponent in Google Sheets.
The PPMT function calculates the principal payment for a specific period of an investment or loan based on constant payments and interest rate.
The PRICE function calculates the price of a bond based on its face value, coupon rate, yield, and maturity date.
The PRICEDISC function calculates the discounted price of a security based on its face value, discount rate, and number of periods.
The PRICEMAT function calculates the price of a security based on its cash flows, interest rates, and payment periods.
The PROB function calculates the probability of a value falling within a specified range based on given data and corresponding probabilities.
The PRODUCT keyword multiplies all specified numbers or cell ranges together, returning the total product of those values.
The PROPER function capitalizes the first letter of each word in a text string, ensuring proper formatting for names or titles.
The PV function calculates the present value of an investment based on a series of future cash flows and a specified discount rate.
The QUARTILE function calculates the specified quartile (0-4) of a data set, helping to analyze data distribution and variability.
The QUARTILE.EXC function calculates the specified quartile of a dataset, excluding the median value for accurate statistical analysis.
The QUARTILE.INC function calculates the specified quartile of a dataset, including the minimum and maximum values.
The QUERY function retrieves specific data from a range based on criteria, allowing for filtering, sorting, and aggregating results.
The QUOTIENT keyword divides two numbers and returns the integer portion of the result, discarding any remainder.
The RADIANS function converts degrees to radians, which is useful for trigonometric calculations in Google Sheets.
The RAND function generates a random decimal number between 0 and 1 each time the sheet recalculates.
The RANDARRAY function generates an array of random numbers between specified minimum and maximum values, with defined rows and columns.
The RANDBETWEEN function generates a random integer between two specified values, inclusive, for use in calculations or simulations.
The RANK function assigns a rank to a number in a dataset, based on its value relative to others, allowing for ties in ranking.
The RANK.AVG function calculates the average rank of a number in a dataset, accounting for ties by averaging their ranks.
The RANK.EQ function assigns a rank to a number in a dataset, with equal values receiving the same rank.
The RATE function calculates the interest rate per period of an investment or loan based on constant payments and a present value.
The RECEIVED function counts the number of cells that contain a specific value, helping to track occurrences in a dataset.
The REDUCE function applies a specified operation across a range, accumulating a single result by iteratively processing each element.
The REGEXEXTRACT function retrieves a specific substring from a text string based on a defined regular expression pattern.
The REGEXMATCH function checks if a text string matches a specified regular expression pattern, returning TRUE or FALSE.
The REGEXREPLACE function replaces text in a string that matches a regular expression with a specified replacement string.
The REPLACE function is used to substitute part of a text string with another text string, based on specified position and length.
The REPLACEB function replaces part of a text string with another string, based on specified byte positions.
The REPT function repeats a text string a specified number of times, useful for creating visual patterns or formatting in cells.
The RIGHT function extracts a specified number of characters from the end of a text string in Google Sheets.
The RIGHTB function extracts a specified number of bytes from the end of a text string, useful for handling multi-byte characters.
The ROMAN function converts an Arabic numeral to its Roman numeral equivalent, allowing for easier representation of numbers in Roman format.
The ROUND function is used to round a number to a specified number of digits, simplifying numerical data for easier interpretation.
The ROUNDDOWN function is used to round a number down towards zero to a specified number of decimal places.
The ROUNDUP function rounds a number up to the nearest integer or specified decimal place, regardless of the value's decimal.
The ROW function returns the row number of a specified cell or the current row if no cell is referenced.
The ROWS function counts the number of rows in a specified range, helping to determine the size of data sets in Google Sheets.
The RRI function calculates the equivalent interest rate for an investment based on the number of periods and the start and end values.
The RSQ function calculates the square of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient for two data sets, indicating their linear relationship.
The SCAN function generates a cumulative array by applying a specified function to each element, building on previous results iteratively.
The SEARCH function locates a substring within a text string and returns its position, or an error if not found.
The SEARCHB function locates a substring within a text string, returning the position of the first character of the substring.
The SEC function calculates the secant of an angle in radians, useful for trigonometric calculations in spreadsheets.
The SECH function calculates the hyperbolic secant of a given angle in radians, returning a numerical value.
The SECOND function extracts the second component from a given time value in Google Sheets, returning it as a numeric value.
The SEQUENCE function generates a list of sequential numbers in a specified range, allowing for easy data organization and manipulation.
The SERIESSUM function calculates the sum of a power series based on coefficients, powers, and a variable, useful for polynomial evaluations.
The SIGN function returns -1 for negative numbers, 0 for zero, and 1 for positive numbers, helping to determine the sign of a value.
The SIN function calculates the sine of an angle given in radians, returning a value between -1 and 1 based on trigonometric principles.
The SINH function calculates the hyperbolic sine of a given angle in radians, useful in mathematical and engineering applications.
The SKEW function calculates the asymmetry of a data distribution, indicating whether data is skewed left or right.
The SKEW.P function calculates the skewness of a population dataset, indicating the asymmetry of its distribution.
The SLN function calculates the straight-line depreciation of an asset over its useful life, providing annual depreciation expense.
The SLOPE function calculates the slope of the linear regression line through a set of x and y values, indicating the relationship's steepness.
The SMALL function returns the k-th smallest value in a data set, allowing users to find specific ranked values easily.
The SORT function arranges data in a specified order, either ascending or descending, based on one or more columns in a range.
The SORTN function returns a specified number of rows from a sorted range, allowing for filtering and deduplication of data.
The SPARKLINE function creates a miniature chart within a cell to visualize data trends and patterns from a specified range.
The SPLIT function divides text into separate cells based on a specified delimiter, allowing for easier data manipulation and analysis.
The SQRT function calculates the square root of a given number, returning the value that, when multiplied by itself, equals the original number.
The SQRTPI function returns the square root of the product of pi and a given number, useful for mathematical calculations involving circles.
The STANDARDIZE function calculates a normalized value from a dataset, using the mean and standard deviation to adjust for scale.
The STDEV function calculates the standard deviation of a set of values, measuring the amount of variation or dispersion in the data.
The STDEV.P function calculates the standard deviation of a population, measuring data dispersion from the mean in a dataset.
The STDEV.S function calculates the standard deviation of a sample dataset, measuring how much values deviate from the mean.
The STDEVA function calculates the standard deviation of a dataset, including text and logical values, treating them as 0 or 1.
The STDEVP function calculates the standard deviation of a population based on the entire dataset provided, measuring data variability.
The STDEVPA function calculates the standard deviation of a dataset, including text and logical values, treating them as numeric.
The STEYX function calculates the standard error of the predicted y-values for a linear regression, based on known x and y values.
The SUBSTITUTE function replaces specific text within a string with new text, allowing for easy text modification in cells.
The SUBTOTAL function calculates a specified aggregate (like SUM or AVERAGE) for a range, allowing for filtered data to be included or excluded.
The SUM function calculates the total of a range of numbers, adding them together to provide a single cumulative value.
The SUMIF function adds up values in a range that meet specified criteria, allowing for conditional summation based on defined conditions.
Adds up values in a range that meet multiple conditions.
The SUMPRODUCT function multiplies corresponding elements in given arrays and returns the sum of those products, useful for weighted calculations.
Returns the sum of the squares of a series of numbers and/or cells.
The SUMX2MY2 function calculates the sum of the squares of two arrays' differences, providing a measure of variance between them.
The SUMX2PY2 function calculates the sum of the products of corresponding values in two arrays, useful for weighted calculations.
The SUMXMY2 function calculates the sum of the squares of differences between two sets of values, useful for statistical analysis.
The SWITCH function evaluates an expression against a list of values and returns the corresponding result for the first match found.
The SYD function calculates the sum-of-years' digits depreciation for an asset over its useful life, reflecting accelerated depreciation.
The T function transposes a range or array, converting rows to columns and vice versa, while preserving the original data structure.
The T.DIST function calculates the cumulative distribution function for the Student's t-distribution, useful for hypothesis testing.
The T.DIST.2T function calculates the two-tailed probability of the t-distribution for a given t-value and degrees of freedom.
The T.DIST.RT function calculates the right-tailed probability of the t-distribution for a given t-value and degrees of freedom.
The T.INV function returns the t-value for a specified probability and degrees of freedom, useful for statistical analysis.
The T.INV.2T function returns the t-value for a two-tailed test based on a specified probability and degrees of freedom.
The T.TEST function calculates the probability that two sets of data have different means, helping to determine statistical significance.
Returns the tangent of an angle given in radians.
Returns the hyperbolic tangent of any real number.
The TBILLEQ function calculates the equivalent annual yield of a Treasury bill based on its discount rate and days to maturity.
The TBILLPRICE function calculates the price of a Treasury bill based on its discount rate, maturity date, and face value.
The TBILLYIELD function calculates the annualized yield of a Treasury bill based on its discount rate and days to maturity.
The TDIST function calculates the probability of a t-distribution for a given value, degrees of freedom, and tails.
The TEXT function formats a number or date into a specified text format, allowing for customized display in Google Sheets.
The TEXTJOIN function combines text from multiple cells into one string, using a specified delimiter to separate the values.
The TIME function creates a time value from specified hours, minutes, and seconds, allowing for time calculations in Google Sheets.
The TIMEVALUE function converts a time represented as text into a decimal number that Google Sheets recognizes as a time value.
The TINV function returns the t-value for a specified probability and degrees of freedom, useful for statistical analysis in hypothesis testing.
Converts a provided number to a date.
Converts a number to a value formatted as currency (dollars).
Converts a number to a value formatted as a percentage.
Converts a date, time, percentage, currency or other formatted numeric value into a plain number with no formatting.
Converts a numeric value to a text value.
The TOCOL function converts a range or array into a single column, simplifying data organization and analysis in Google Sheets.
The TODAY function returns the current date, automatically updating each day when the spreadsheet is opened or recalculated.
The TOROW function converts a specified range or array into a single row, simplifying data manipulation and analysis in Google Sheets.
The TRANSPOSE function switches rows and columns in a range, converting horizontal data to vertical and vice versa.
The TREND function predicts future values based on existing data trends, using linear regression to calculate the best-fit line.
The TRIM function removes extra spaces from text, leaving only single spaces between words and eliminating leading or trailing spaces.
The TRIMMEAN function calculates the mean of a dataset while excluding a specified percentage of the highest and lowest values.
The IF function checks a condition and returns one value if true and another if false, enabling conditional logic in calculations.
Truncates a number to a certain number of significant digits by omitting less significant digits.
The TTEST function calculates the probability that two sets of data have different means, helping to assess statistical significance.
The TYPE function returns the data type of a value, indicating whether it's a number, text, boolean, error, or an array.
Returns a number with its sign reversed; the function form of the unary minus (leading -) operator.
Returns a value interpreted as a percentage, dividing it by 100; the function form of the postfix % operator.
The UNICHAR function returns the Unicode character that corresponds to a specified numeric code, enabling the display of special symbols.
The UNICODE function returns the Unicode value of the first character in a given text string, helping to identify character encoding.
The UNIQUE function returns a list of unique values from a specified range, eliminating duplicates for clearer data analysis.
Returns a specified number unchanged; the function form of the unary plus (leading +) operator.
The UPPER function converts all lowercase letters in a text string to uppercase, ensuring uniformity in text formatting.
The VALUE function converts text that appears in a recognized format (like numbers or dates) into a numeric value for calculations.
The VAR keyword defines a variable in Google Sheets, allowing you to store and reuse values or calculations within a formula for efficiency.
The VAR.P function calculates the variance of a population dataset, measuring how much values differ from the mean.
The VAR.S function calculates the variance of a sample dataset, measuring how much the values differ from the sample mean.
The VARA function checks a range for numeric and text values, returning the first non-error value, ignoring empty cells and errors.
The VARP function calculates the variance of a population based on a set of values, providing a measure of data dispersion.
The VARPA function calculates the variance of a dataset, including text and logical values, treating them as 0 and 1, respectively.
The VDB function calculates the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the variable declining balance method.
The VLOOKUP function searches for a value in the first column of a range and returns a corresponding value from a specified column.
The VSTACK function vertically combines multiple ranges or arrays into a single column, stacking them on top of each other.
The WEEKDAY function returns the day of the week as a number (1-7) for a given date, helping to identify specific weekdays.
The WEEKNUM function returns the week number of a specific date, helping to identify the week of the year for scheduling or analysis.
The WEIBULL function calculates the probability of a random variable following a Weibull distribution, useful for reliability analysis.
The WEIBULL.DIST function calculates the probability of a value in a Weibull distribution, useful for reliability analysis and modeling.
The WORKDAY function calculates a date that is a specified number of working days from a start date, excluding weekends and holidays.
The WORKDAY.INTL function calculates a date that is a specified number of workdays from a start date, considering custom weekends.
The WRAPCOLS function arranges a single-column range into multiple columns, wrapping values into new rows as needed.
The WRAPROWS function organizes a single-column range into multiple rows, wrapping values into specified row lengths for better readability.
The XIRR function calculates the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows occurring at irregular intervals.
The XLOOKUP function searches for a value in a range and returns a corresponding value from another range, replacing older lookup functions.
The XNPV function calculates the net present value of cash flows at irregular intervals, considering specific dates for each cash flow.
The XOR function returns TRUE if an odd number of its arguments are TRUE, and FALSE if an even number of arguments are TRUE.
The YEAR function extracts the year from a given date, returning it as a four-digit number for easy analysis and calculations.
The YEARFRAC function calculates the fraction of the year represented by the number of whole days between two dates.
The YIELD function calculates the annual yield of a security based on its price, coupon payments, and maturity date.
The YIELDDISC function calculates the annual yield of a discounted security based on its face value, purchase price, and maturity date.
The YIELDMAT function calculates the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity, based on settlement date and maturity date.
The Z.TEST function calculates the one-tailed P-value of a z-test for a sample mean, comparing it to a hypothesized population mean.
The ZTEST function calculates the z-score for a sample mean, comparing it to a population mean, useful for hypothesis testing.
42 Tutorials
Google Sheets Conditional Formatting allows users to automatically change the appearance of cells based on specific criteria, enhancing data visualization and analysis for better decision-making.
To add a column in Google Sheets, right-click the column header where you want the new column, select "Insert 1 above" or "Insert 1 below," and the new column will appear.
To alphabetize in Google Sheets, select your data range, click on "Data" in the menu, then choose "Sort range." Select "A-Z" for ascending order or "Z-A" for descending order.
To autofit columns in Google Sheets, double-click the right edge of the column header or select the column, then go to Format > Resize column > Fit to data. This adjusts width automatically.
To calculate percentage in Google Sheets, use the formula: (part/total)*100. For example, to find what percentage 20 is of 50, enter = (20/50)*100 in a cell.
To combine two columns in Google Sheets, use the CONCATENATE function or the "&" operator. For example, =A1 & " " & B1 merges the contents of A1 and B1 with a space in between.
To copy a formula in Google Sheets, click the cell with the formula, drag the fill handle (small square at the cell's corner) to the desired cells, or use Ctrl+C to copy and Ctrl+V to paste.
Learn to count unique values in Google Sheets using functions like UNIQUE and COUNTA. Easily analyze data sets and gain insights with these simple formulas for effective data management.
Learn to create a pivot table in Google Sheets to summarize and analyze data efficiently. This guide covers selecting data, inserting a pivot table, and customizing rows, columns, and values.
Learn to divide numbers in Google Sheets using the division operator (/) or the QUOTIENT function. Easily perform calculations across cells for efficient data analysis and management.
To enable macros in Google Sheets, go to Extensions > Macros > Record Macro. Follow prompts to record actions, then save. Access saved macros via Extensions > Macros for easy automation.
Learn to filter data in Google Sheets by selecting your data range, clicking on the filter icon, and using dropdown menus to sort or filter specific criteria for better data analysis.
To find circular references in Google Sheets, check for error messages in the formula bar, use the "File" menu to access "Spreadsheet settings," or enable "Iterative calculation" for troubleshooting.
Learn to identify duplicates in Google Sheets using built-in features like Conditional Formatting or the UNIQUE function. Easily streamline your data for better organization and analysis.
To freeze a row in Google Sheets, click on the row number, go to "View" > "Freeze," and select "1 row" or your desired number. This keeps the row visible while scrolling through data.
Learn how to freeze panes in Google Sheets to keep specific rows or columns visible while scrolling. Simply select the row or column, then go to View > Freeze and choose your preference.
Learn to highlight duplicates in Google Sheets using Conditional Formatting. Select your data range, go to Format > Conditional formatting, and set the rule to highlight duplicate values.
To insert a checkbox in Google Sheets, select a cell, go to the "Insert" menu, and choose "Checkbox." This allows for easy tracking and managing of tasks or data.
To insert multiple rows in Google Sheets, select the number of rows you want to add, right-click, and choose "Insert X above" or "Insert X below." Alternatively, use the menu: Insert > Rows.
To lock a row in Google Sheets, right-click the row number, select "Protect range," set permissions, and click "Done." This prevents edits while allowing others to view the data.
To lock cells in Google Sheets, select the cells, right-click, choose "Protect range," set permissions, and click "Done." This prevents unauthorized editing while allowing others to view.
To copy a Google Sheets sheet, right-click the tab of the sheet you want to duplicate, select "Duplicate," and a new copy will appear. You can then rename or move it as needed.
Learn to create graphs in Google Sheets by selecting your data, clicking on the "Insert" menu, choosing "Chart," and customizing your graph type and design for clear data visualization.
Learn to create a histogram in Google Sheets by organizing your data, selecting it, and using the Chart Editor to choose the histogram chart type for visualizing frequency distributions.
Learn to create a line graph in Google Sheets by selecting your data, inserting a chart, and customizing it for clear visual representation of trends over time. Easy steps for effective data visualization!
Learn to create a pie chart in Google Sheets by selecting your data, clicking on "Insert," choosing "Chart," and selecting "Pie chart" from the Chart Editor for visual data representation.
Learn to create a table in Google Sheets by selecting your data, clicking "Insert," then "Table." Customize with filters, styles, and formatting for better organization and analysis.
To merge cells in Google Sheets, select the desired cells, click on the "Format" menu, choose "Merge cells," and select your preferred merging option (merge all, horizontally, or vertically).
Learn to multiply in Google Sheets using simple formulas. Use the asterisk (*) for multiplication or the PRODUCT function for multiple values. Easily enhance your data analysis and calculations!
To password protect a Google Sheets file, use Google Drive's sharing settings. Set the file to "Restricted," then share it only with specific users. For added security, encrypt sensitive data.
Learn to efficiently remove blank rows in Google Sheets using filters, sorting, or the "Find and Replace" feature to streamline your data and enhance organization.
Learn to efficiently remove duplicates in Google Sheets using the "Remove duplicates" feature, or by using formulas like UNIQUE or FILTER for more control over your data management.
Learn to separate names in Google Sheets using functions like SPLIT, TEXTSPLIT, or by using the Data > Split text to columns feature for efficient data organization.
Learn to sort data in Google Sheets by selecting your range, clicking on "Data" in the menu, and choosing "Sort range" or "Sort sheet." Customize sorting by column and order for better organization.
Learn to split cells in Google Sheets using the "Split text to columns" feature. Select your data, go to Data > Split text to columns, and choose a delimiter to separate values efficiently.
To strikethrough text in Google Sheets, select the cell, go to the Format menu, choose Text, and click on Strikethrough. Alternatively, use the shortcut Ctrl + 5 (Cmd + 5 on Mac).
To subtract in Google Sheets, use the formula `=A1-B1`, replacing A1 and B1 with your cell references. Press Enter to see the result. You can also use the SUM function with negative values.
Learn to transpose data in Google Sheets by using the TRANSPOSE function or by copying and pasting data with the "Paste special" option. Easily switch rows and columns for better analysis!
To unhide columns in Google Sheets, select the columns around the hidden ones, right-click, and choose "Unhide columns." Alternatively, click the small arrows above the hidden columns.
To unhide rows in Google Sheets, select the rows around the hidden ones, right-click, and choose "Unhide rows." Alternatively, click the small arrow above the row numbers to reveal hidden rows.
To unprotect Google Sheets, go to "Data" > "Protected sheets and ranges," select the protected range, and click "Remove protection." Ensure you have edit access to make changes.
To wrap text in Google Sheets, select the cell(s), go to the Format menu, choose "Text wrapping," and select "Wrap." This ensures all text is visible within the cell without overflowing.
Four common questions, answered. Stuck on the syntax? The Google Sheets formula generator can draft one from a plain English description for you to test.
Type an equals sign in a cell, then the function and its inputs, such as =AVERAGE(B2:B50), and press Enter. Sheets may suggest a formula as you type, which you can accept or ignore.
Press Ctrl + ~ on Windows, Chrome OS or Mac to show all formulas instead of their results. Press it again to go back.
Select the formula cell and the cells below it, then press Ctrl + D (⌘ + D on Mac) to fill down. You can also use ARRAYFORMULA so one formula returns every row. See how to copy a formula for more ways.
=GOOGLEFINANCE("NASDAQ:GOOG","price",TODAY()-30,TODAY()) returns 30 days of prices. Google says quotes may be delayed by up to 20 minutes and are not meant for trading. See the GOOGLEFINANCE guide.
Google Sheets includes more than 500 built-in functions that can handle everything from simple arithmetic to complex data analysis. Whether you're building financial models, tracking project timelines, or analyzing survey data, the right formula can save you hours of manual work.
The A–Z list on this page links to our Google Sheets formula guides, with the syntax and examples for each function. If you're not sure which formula you need, try our AI Formula Generator — describe what you want in plain English and get a formula to test.
When a job outgrows a formula, there are other routes. An Apps Script can automate repeated steps, and you can upload a spreadsheet and ask questions about it in chat.
Use the minus operator: =A1-B1. For subtracting a range, use =A1-SUM(B1:B5). Works with numbers, dates, and times.
Use =SUM(A:A) for an entire column, or =SUM(A1:A100) for a specific range. SUM ignores text and empty cells.
Use =SUM(A1,B1,C1) for specific cells or =A1+B1+C1 with the plus operator. For conditional adding, use SUMIF.
Place your cursor below the column and use =SUM(A1:A100). For filtered data, use =SUBTOTAL(109, A1:A100) to only sum visible rows.
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